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1992-03-24
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COLLEGE APTITUDE VERBAL SKILLS
THE COLLEGE APTITUDE VERBAL SKILLS SERIES is intended to
provide college-bound high school students with practice in
answering three of the four kinds of questions found in the
verbal sections of the Scholastic Aptitude Test: analogies,
antonyms, and sentence completions. Research has shown that
most students benefit appreciably by following the procedure
used in this series:
■ Learning a systematic approach to answering each kind of
question
■ Practicing with numerous sample items modeled on those found
in the actual SAT
ANALOGIES I & II
Program Contents
ANALOGIES I leads students through a step-by-step process for
solving analogy problems. The program recommends following a
four-step procedure for each analogy:
1. Define the key words, considering possible alternate
meanings and connotations.
2. Identify the relationship between the two key words.
3. Formulate a sentence that expresses the relationship as
specifically as possible.
4. Use the sentence to find the pair of words among the five
answer choices that most nearly expresses the same relationship.
The exercises in the program reinforce the recommended
procedure by requiring students to solve each analogy in two
steps:
1. Select the "formula sentence" that best expresses the
relationship between the two key words.
2. Select the word pair among the answer choice that expresses
a similar relationship.
In ANALOGIES I, each of the 13 kinds of relationships discussed
is introduced in a separate lesson. Periodic practice lessons
are cumulative reviews of all the relationships covered to that
point. The 13 kinds of verbal relationships discussed are:
1. Synonyms 8. Function
2. Antonyms 9. Composition
3. Degree of difference 10. Sequential
4. Cause and effect 11. Characterization
5. Whole-part 12. Grammatical
6. Part-part 13. Association
7. Classification
Each of the two programs in ANALOGIES I is organized into ten
lesson modules. Even though each lesson can be accessed
separately, it is recommended that students work through the
lessons in the order in which they are listed in the program
Students should complete ANALOGIES I before beginning ANALOGIES
II. The first program (IIa) in ANALOGIES II requires students
to answer analogy questions in two steps. First, they must
identify the relationship expressed by the two key words. Then,
they select the word pair that most nearly expresses this
relationship from the five answer choices given. The
relationships given as choices in the first step are selected
from the 13 kinds of relationships covered in ANALOGIES I. The
second program in ANALOGIES II (IIb) presents more analogy
practice; in this program students are asked to enter only the
correct answer for each analogy.
Each of the two programs in ANALOGIES II is organized into ten
lesson modules. These lessons can be accessed separately from
the program menus and may be done in any order. Program 1(IIa)
includes about 60 analogies; Program 2(IIb) includes 70
analogies.
ANTONYMS
The antonyms items in the Scholastic Aptitude Test are intended
as tests of students' vocabulary. Students are shown a key
word and five words as answer choices; they must choose the
word that is most nearly opposite to the key word. Although
the structure of antonym questions is easy to understand, students
with poor vocabularies may find these questions more difficult
than the analogy questions. Since words used are never shown in
context, few clues are available to students who are not
familiar with the words. Two kinds of clues are suggested:
1. The program suggests that students use their knowledge of
roots, prefixes, and suffixes as clues to the meaning of unfamiliar
words.
2. Since all six words shown in an antonym item (the word and
the five answer choices) on the actual SAT will be the same
part of speech, students can infer the part of speech of the key
word by examining the answer choices.
Students should use the following procedure when answering
antonym questions when they do know the meaning of the word:
1. Before looking at the five answer choices at all, try to
think of an antonym for the key word. For instance, if the word is
"belligerent," think: "Belligerent" means "warlike" so the
answer is a word that means "not warlike" or "peaceful."
2. Then look for the word that means "peaceful" among the
answer choices. If the word is not there, look back at the key
word to see if it has a second meaning.
The ANTONYMS program is organized into ten lessons, each of
which can be accessed separately from the program menu. After
completing the introduction, students may do the lessons in any
order. The program includes more than 100 antonym questions.
COLLEGE APTITUDE READING COMPREHENSION
Program Purpose
COLLEGE APTITUDE READING COMPREHENSION is intended to help
students bring their reading comprehension skills up to a
college level. The program is also designed to provide practice
in answering reading comprehension questions modeled on those
found in college aptitude tests such as the Scholastic Aptitude
Test. After completing this program, students will have
practiced the following reading skills:
■ Finding the main idea
■ Identifying supporting details
■ Determining phrase meaning
■ Determining paragraph meaning
■ Drawing inferences
■ Making generalizations
■ Determining the author's purpose
■ Identifying points of view
■ Summarizing
■ Using context clues to determine the meaning of new
vocabulary
Program Contents
College Aptitude Reading Comprehension tests contain five
categories of reading passages: science, social studies,
humanities, argument, and narrative. This program contain six
examples of each type of passage.
A study of the college aptitude tests reveals that the typical
reading passage is between 390 and 600 words long, with the
average length being 470 words. Due to the limitations imposed
by the size of the screen on a microcomputer, it is not
possible to display reading passages of comparable length. This
limitation was overcome by using more than one screen to
present a passage. One question at a time appears on the screen
under the relevant section of the passage. In some instances,
the questions refer to the passage as a whole; therefore,
students will have to read each screen carefully before going
on to the next section of the passage. Most of the reading
passages have been edited because of space limitations.
Questions and answer choices have been carefully modeled on the
types of questions asked in the actual tests. A multiple-choice
format is used throughout. Many of the questions require
inferential reasoning. Typical question stems are:
■ It can be inferred....
■ Judging from the passage....
■ In presenting the argument, the author uses all of the
following except....
■ The author's primary purpose in this passage is to....
■ The author suggests that one of the reasons for _____ was
that....
■ Based on the information in the above passage....
■ The passage as a whole suggests....
■ Which of the following best expresses the main idea of
the passage?
Suggestions for Use
Grade Recommendations: Appropriate for college-bound high
school students in grades 10-12.
Classroom Use
■ Before using the program with students, discuss the kinds of
reading passages and questions included in the program.
■ Discuss the format of the verbal SAT, emphasizing the reading
comprehension sections and test-taking tips.
1. Of the 85 questions on the two 30-minute verbal sections 25
are reading comprehension questions. On the average, each test
will have five reading passages. each followed by five
questions.
2. When budgeting their time on the test, students should leave
about seven minutes for each passage. Since the reading
comprehension questions take longer to answer but are not
worth more than other questions, most students are better off
leaving these questions until last. They should first complete as
many of the short questions (antonyms, analogies, sentence
completions) as possible.
3. Students should skim a passage for the main ideas before
looking at the questions. Most questions on the test require
students to understand the meaning of the entire passage; very few
answers can be found by looking at a specific part of the reading
passage.
Students should realize that both the passages and the
questions are written on a college level. They should be prepared
to reread the passage at least once and to make very fine
distinctions among the answer choices presented.
SENTENCE COMPLETION
SENTENCE COMPLETION questions require students to read a
sentence from which one or two words have been omitted and then
to select from five choices the word or pair of words which
best completes the sentence. These questions test a variety of
skills in reading comprehension, vocabulary and usage. More
specifically, they test students' ability to infer fine
distinctions of meaning from context. Students should be made
aware of the kinds of context clues often used in these
sentences. They should look for words that indicate the
relationship in meaning between the two parts of a compound or
complex sentence. The relationship is generally either
contrasting (indicated by words such as "but," "however,"
"although," "instead of") or parallel (indicated by words such
as "and," "because," "since").
Students should use the following procedure when answering
sentence completion questions:
1. Read the sentence carefully before looking at the answer
choices.
Look for clue words that indicate the relationship between
the parts of the sentence. Try to think of the word or words
that might fill each blank.
2. Go through all the answer choices, trying them out in the
sentence and ruling out the ones that do not fit. Select the choice
that makes the most sense and sounds best in the sentence.
The SENTENCE COMPLETION program is organized into ten lesson
modules, each of which can be separately accessed from the
program menu. After completing the introduction, students may
do the lessons in any order. The program includes over 100
sentence completion items.